Sometimes you talk about two things in the past. One happened before the other. The one that happened first goes in the past perfect. Its Latin name is the plusquamperfectum, or pluperfect in English. Toen ik op het station kwam, was de trein al vertrokken. That means: when I got to the station, the train had already left. First the train left. Then I arrived.
Three past forms
At A2 you learn two past forms: the simple past and the perfect tense. The past perfect is the third. It goes one step further back in time.
| Form | Example | What it says |
|---|---|---|
| Simple past | ik werkte, ik ging | something in the past |
| Perfect tense | ik heb gewerkt, ik ben gegaan | something that is finished |
| Past perfect | ik had gewerkt, ik was gegaan | something already finished before another past moment |
Only the helper verb changes
Start from the perfect tense. Put the helper verb in the simple past. Heeft or hebben becomes had or hadden. Is or zijn becomes was or waren. The past participle does not change. It still goes at the end.
| Perfect tense | Past perfect | English |
|---|---|---|
| Ik heb gewerkt. | Ik had gewerkt. | I had worked. |
| Zij heeft gebeld. | Zij had gebeld. | She had called. |
| Wij hebben gegeten. | Wij hadden gegeten. | We had eaten. |
| Hij is vertrokken. | Hij was vertrokken. | He had left. |
| Zij zijn aangekomen. | Zij waren aangekomen. | They had arrived. |
| Subject | With hebben | With zijn |
|---|---|---|
| ik, jij, u, hij, zij | had | was |
| wij, jullie, zij | hadden | waren |
What happened first?
This is the key part of the rule. With two past events, the one that happened first takes the past perfect. The one that came after usually stays in the simple past. Words such as toen (when), nadat (after), voordat (before) and al (already) show the order.
| First (past perfect) | Then (simple past) | English |
|---|---|---|
| De trein was al vertrokken, | toen ik aankwam. | The train had already left when I arrived. |
| Hij had zijn huiswerk gemaakt, | voordat hij ging voetballen. | He had done his homework before he went to play football. |
| Nadat zij had gegeten, | deed zij de afwas. | After she had eaten, she did the dishes. |
Word order
The word order is the same as in the perfect tense. Nothing new to learn.
- The past participle goes at the end: Ik had het al gedaan (I had already done it).
- In a main clause, had or was is in position 2: Gisteren had ik het al gedaan.
- In a subordinate clause, for example after omdat or dat, both verbs go to the end: ... omdat ik het al had gedaan.